When a fire apparatus is designed for pump-and-roll operations, what minimum flow rate must it achieve?

The minimum flow rate for a fire apparatus designed for pump-and-roll operations must be at least 20 gallons per minute (gpm). Pump-and-roll operations are often used in wildland firefighting where apparatus may need to move while actively applying water to suppress a fire.

A flow rate of 20 gpm is sufficient to provide effective firefighting capabilities in this context, ensuring that firefighters can deliver enough water to manage small fires while maintaining mobility. This flow rate allows for the ability to cover larger areas without needing to stop the vehicle, which is crucial in dynamic fire situations where conditions can change rapidly.

Higher flow rates, while potentially more effective in certain scenarios, are not required for the pump-and-roll operations specifically, which is why the chosen answer aligns with established standards and practices in firefighting operations tailored for mobile applications.